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Basa Tai Lü

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Tai Lue
ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, ᨣᩴᩣᨴᩱ᩠ᨿᩃᩨ᩶
kam tai lue
Pangucapan[kâm.tâj.lɯ̀]
Tipakay diCina, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam
WilayahYunnan, Cina
EtnikTai Lue
Jumlah panutur
(550,000 cited 2000–2013)[1]
Tai–Kadai
Huruf Tai Tham, Huruf Thai, Huruf Tai Lue Anyar
Status resmi
Tiakui sabagay basa
minoritas di
Kode basa
ISO 639-3khb
Glottologluuu1242

Bahasa Tai Lü atawa Kam Tai Lue (ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ) rik Sibsongpanna Tai (ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷᩈᩬᨦᨻᩢ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ ᨴᩱᩭ) joda da salah osay basa say digunako Jolma Tai Lü di nagara Cina, Myanmar, Laos rik Thailand. Bahasa sija tikuruk dilom Rumpun Bahasa Kra-Dai.

Huruf

[dandani | dandani sumbor]

Huruf Tai Lü Anyar

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
"China Post" dilom Tulisan China rik Huruf Tai Lü Anyar

Bahasa Tai Lü ganta sa makay tolu sistem penulisan say sumang. Bahasa Tai Lü di Cina makay huruf Tai Lü Anyar, sodongko Bahasa Tai Lü di Thailand titulis makay huruf Fakkham rik huruf Tai Tham.

Konsonan

[dandani | dandani sumbor]

Pangkal

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Langgar ᦀ ᦂ ᦃ ᦄ ᦈ ᦉ ᦊ ᦎ ᦏ ᦐ ᦔ
Ribah ᦁ ᦅ ᦆ ᦇ ᦋ ᦌ ᦍ ᦑ ᦒ ᦓ ᦗ
IPA /ʔa/ /ka/ /xa/ /ŋa/ /t͡sa/ /sa/ /ja/ /ta/ /tʰa/ /na/ /pa/
Langgar ᦕ ᦖ ᦚ ᦛ ᦜ ᦡ ᦢ ᦠ ᦦ ᦧ ᦪ
Ribah ᦘ ᦙ ᦝ ᦞ ᦟ ᦤ ᦥ ᦣ ᦨ ᦩ ᦫ
IPA /pʰa/ /ma/ /fa/ /va/ /la/ /da/ /ba/ /ha/ /kʷa/ /xʷa/ /sʷa/

Uncuk

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Uncuk ᧅ ᧆ ᧇ ᧂ ᧃ ᧄ ᧁ makka uncuk rik ᦰ
IPA /k̚/ /t̚/ /p̚/ /ŋ/ /n/ /m/ /w/ /ʔ/

Vokal

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Vokal Buntak Vokal Tijang Diftong rik huruf i
Huruf IPA Huruf IPA Huruf IPA
makka /a/ ᦺ◌ /aj/
◌ᦰ /aʔ/ ◌ᦱ /aː/ ◌ᦻ /aːj/
◌ᦲᦰ /iʔ/ ◌ᦲ /i(ː)/
ᦵ◌ᦰ /eʔ/ ᦵ◌ /e(ː)/
ᦶ◌ᦰ /ɛʔ/ ᦶ◌ /ɛ(ː)/
◌ᦳ /u(ʔ)/ ◌ᦴ /uː/ ◌ᦼ /uj/
ᦷ◌ᦰ /oʔ/ ᦷ◌ /o(ː)/ ◌ᦽ /oj/
◌ᦸᦰ /ɔʔ/ ◌ᦸ /ɔ(ː)/ ◌ᦾ /ɔj/
◌ᦹᦰ /ɯʔ/ ◌ᦹ /ɯ(ː)/ ◌ᦿ /ɯj/
ᦵ◌ᦲᦰ /ɤʔ/ ᦵ◌ᦲ /ɤ(ː)/ ᦵ◌ᧀ /ɤj/

Nada

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Register langgar Register ribah
Tanda ᧈ ᧉ ᧈ ᧉ
Tijajakko rik huruf k ᦂ ᦂᧈ ᦂᧉ ᦅ ᦅᧈ ᦅᧉ
IPA /ka˥/ /ka˧˥/ /ka˩˧/ /ka˥˩/ /ka˧/ /ka˩/
Transkripsi ka¹ ka² ka³ ka⁴ ka⁵ ka⁶

Huruf Tai Tham

[dandani | dandani sumbor]

Konsonan

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Huruf Bontuk
Subgabungan 		Golar Transliterasi IPA Kelas
Nada
Translit. IPA Pangkal Uncuk Pangkal Uncuk
1. Wak Ka ᨠ ◌᩠ᨠ ka [kǎ] k k [k] [k̚] langgar
ᨡ ◌᩠ᨡ xa, kha [xǎ], [kʰǎ] x, kh k [x], [kʰ] [k̚] langgar
ᨢ[2] — xa, kha [xǎ] x, kh — [x] [k̚] langgar
ᨣ ◌᩠ᨣ ka [ka᷇] k k [k] [k̚] ribah
ᨤ[2] — xa, kha [xa᷇] x, kh — [x] [k̚] ribah
ᨥ ◌᩠ᨥ xa, kha [xa᷇], [kʰa᷇] x, kh k [x], [kʰ] [k̚] ribah
ᨦ ◌᩠ᨦ nga [ŋa᷇] ng ng [ŋ] [ŋ] ribah
2. Wak Ja ᨧ ◌᩠ᨧ ja, ca [t͡ɕǎ] j, c t [t͡ɕ] [t̚] langgar
ᨨ ◌᩠ᨨ sa, cha [sǎ], [t͡ɕʰǎ] s, ch — [s], [t͡ɕʰ] — langgar
ᨩ ◌᩠ᨩ ja, ca [t͡ɕa᷇] j, c t [t͡ɕ] [t̚] ribah
ᨪ[2] — sa [sa᷇] s t [s] [t̚] ribah
ᨫ , ◌᩠ᨫ sa, cha [sa᷇], [t͡ɕʰa᷄] s, ch t [s], [t͡ɕʰa᷄] [t̚] ribah
ᨬ ◌᩠ᨬ nya [ɲa᷇] ny, y n [ɲ], [j][3] [n] ribah
3. Wak Rata ᨭ ◌᩠ᨭ rata [lǎ.tǎ] t t [t] [t̚] langgar
ᨮ , ◌᩠ᨮ , ◌ᩛ ratha [lǎ.tʰǎ] th t [tʰ] [t̚] langgar
ᨯ ◌᩠ᨯ da [dǎ] d, th[4] t [d], [tʰ][4] [t̚] nongah
ᨰ ◌᩠ᨰ ratha [lǎ.tʰa᷇] th t [tʰ] [t̚] ribah
ᨱ ◌᩠ᨱ rana [lǎ.na᷇] n n [n] [n] ribah
4. Wak Ta ᨲ ◌᩠ᨲ ta [tǎ] t t [t] [t̚] langgar
ᨳ ◌᩠ᨳ tha [tʰǎ] th t [tʰ] [t̚] langgar
ᨴ ◌᩠ᨴ ta [ta᷇] t t [t] [t̚] ribah
ᨵ ◌᩠ᨵ tha [tʰa᷇] th t [tʰ] [t̚] ribah
ᨶ ◌᩠ᨶ na [na᷇] n n [n] [n] ribah
5. Wak Pa ᨷ ◌᩠ᨷ , ◌ᩝ ba [bǎ] b p [b][5] [p̚] nongah
◌᩠ᨷ pa[6] [pǎ] p p [p][6][7][8] [p̚] langgar[8][7]
ᨸ[2][9]  – pa [pǎ] p p [p] [p̚] langgar
ᨹ ◌᩠ᨹ pha [pʰǎ] ph  – [pʰ]  – langgar
ᨺ[2]  – fa [fǎ] f  – [f]  – langgar
ᨻ ◌᩠ᨻ , ◌ᩛ pa [pa᷇] p p [p] [p̚] ribah
ᨼ[2]  – fa [fa᷇] f p [f] [p̚] ribah
ᨽ ◌᩠ᨽ pha [pʰa᷇] ph p [pʰ] [p̚] ribah
ᨾ ◌᩠ᨾ , ◌ᩜ ma [ma᷇] m m [m] [m] ribah
6. Awak ᨿ ◌᩠ᨿ nya [ɲa᷇] ny, y  – [ɲ], [j][3]  – ribah
ᩀ[2]  – ya [jǎ] y  – [j]  – nongah
ᩁ ◌᩠ᩁ , ᩕ ra, la [la᷇] r,[10] l, h n [r],[4] [l],[4] [h] [n] ribah
ᩃ ◌᩠ᩃ , ◌ᩖ la [la᷇] l n [l] [n] ribah
ᩅ ◌᩠ᩅ wa [wa᷇] w – [w] – ribah
ᩆ ◌᩠ᩆ sa [sǎ] s t [s] [t̚] langgar
ᩇ ◌᩠ᩇ sa [sǎ] s t [s] [t̚] langgar
ᩈ ◌᩠ᩈ , ◌ᩞ sa [sǎ] s t [s] [t̚] langgar
ᩉ ◌᩠ᩉ ha [hǎ] h  – [h]  – langgar
ᩊ ◌᩠ᩊ la [la᷇] l n [l] [n] ribah
ᩋ , ◌ᩬ a [ʔǎ]  –  – [ʔ]  – nongah
ᩌ[2]  – ha [ha᷇] h  – [h]  – ribah
Huruf Golar Transliterasi IPA Kelas

Nada

Translit. IPA Pangkal Uncuk Pangkal Uncuk
ᩉ᩠ᨦ nga [ŋǎ] ng  – [ŋ]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᨶ na [nǎ] n  – [n]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᨾ ma [mǎ] m  – [m]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᨿ nya [ɲǎ] ny  – [ɲ], [j][3]  – langgar
ᩉᩕ ra, la, ha [rǎ], [lǎ], [hǎ] r,[11] l, h  – [r],[4] [l],[4] [h]  – langgar
ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ la [lǎ] l  – [l]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᩅ wa [wǎ] w  – [w]  – langgar

Huruf Khusus

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Huruf Golar Nilay Fonetik

(IPA)

Catatan
Tham Translit. IPA
ᩓ , [12] ᩃᩯᩡ, ᩃᩯ lae [lɛ̄ː] [lɛʔ], [lɛ̄ː] Ligature of letter ᩃ (la) and superscript vowel sign ᩮ (e).
ᨶᩣ ᨶᩣ naa [nāː] [nāː] Ligature of letter ᨶ (na) and vowel sign ᩣ (a).
ᨬ᩠ᨬ ᨬᨬ nya nya [ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ] [n.ɲ] Ligature of letter ᨱ (rana) and ᨬ (nya), used in lieu of double ᨬ.
ᩔ ᩈ ᩈᩬᨦᩉᩬ᩶ᨦ sa song hong [sǎː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ] [t̚.s], [s̚.s] Ligature of double ᩈ (high sa).
ᩕ ᩁᩁᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ rarong, rahong [la᷇.hōːŋ] [r], [l], [ʰ] Subjoined form of letter ᩁ (ra) for a consonant cluster such as ᨷᩕ (pra) ᨻᩕ (pra) as opposed to the subjoined form -᩠ᩁ used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter.

Vokal

[dandani | dandani sumbor]

Vokal Posay

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Tai Tham IPA Transliterasi
ᩋ /áʔ/ a
ᩋᩣ /āː/ aa
ᩍ /íʔ/ i
ᩎ /īː/ ii
ᩏ /úʔ/ u
ᩐ /ūː/ uu
ᩑ /ēː/ e
ᩒ /ōː/ o
ᩂ /li/, /lɯ̄ː/,

/lɯ᷇ʔ/, /lɤː/[13]

rue, ruue,

ri, roe[13]

ᩄ lue, luue,

li, loe[13]

ᩐᩣ /aw/ aw, au, ao

Vokal Bugantung

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Vokal Buntak[14]
(rik huruf konsonan ᨠ) 		Vokal Tijang
(rik huruf konsonan ᨠ)
IPA Mak bukonsonan
uncuk 		Bukonsonan
uncuk (ᨦ)[15] 		IPA Mak Bukonsonan
uncuk 		Bukonsonan
uncuk (ᨦ)[15]
Vokal Mudah
/a/ ᨠ, ᨠᩡ ᨠᩢ᩠ᨦ /aː/ ᨠᩣ[16] ᨠᩣ᩠ᨦ
/i/ ᨠᩥ ᨠᩥ᩠ᨦ /iː/ ᨠᩦ ᨠᩦ᩠ᨦ
/ɯ/ ᨠᩧ ᨠᩧ᩠ᨦ /ɯː/ ᨠᩨ ᨠᩨ᩠ᨦ
/u/ ᨠᩩ ᨠᩩᨦ, ᨠᩩᨦ᩼ /uː/ ᨠᩪ ᨠᩪᨦ, ᨠᩪᨦ᩼
/e/ ᨠᩮᩡ, ᨠᩮᩬᩡ ᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᨦᩡ /eː/ ᨠᩮ ᨠᩮ᩠ᨦ
/ɛ/ ᨠᩯᩡ, ᨠᩯᩬᩡ ᨠᩯᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩯᩬᨦᩡ /ɛː/ ᨠᩯ ᨠᩯ᩠ᨦ
/o/ ᨠᩰᩡ ᨠᩫ᩠ᨦ /oː/ ᨠᩰ, ᨠᩮᩣ[16][17] ᨠᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩰ᩠ᨦ
/ɔ/ ᨠᩰᩬᩡ ᨠᩬᩢᨦ, ᨠᩬᨦᩡ /ɔː/ ᨠᩬᩴ, ᨠᩳ[18] ᨠᩬᨦ, ᨠᩬᨦ᩼
/ɤ/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩡ ᨠᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦᩡ /ɤː/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥ ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ
Diftong
/iaʔ/ ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ ᨠ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦᩡ /ia/ ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ[19] ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦ
/ɯaʔ/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋᩡ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩢᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦᩡ /ɯa/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦ
ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋᩡ ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩢᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦᩡ ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋ ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦ
/uaʔ/ ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ ᨠ᩠ᩅᩢᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦᩡ /ua/ ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫ ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ᩼
Diftong Fonetis[20]
/aw/ ᨠᩮᩢᩣ,[16] ᨠᩳ,[21] ᨠᩪᩦ[22] –
/aj/ ᨠᩱ, ᨠᩲ, ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ[19], ᨠᩱᨿ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ,[23] ᨠᩢ᩠ᨿ[8] -
/ɔːj/ ᨠᩭ,[18] ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿ -
Vokal Ekstra
/aŋ/ ᨠᩴ,[17] ᨠᩘ[17] —
/am/ ᨠᩣᩴ[16] —
/lɯ/ ᩂ – /lɯː/ ᩂ,[24] ᩄ[25][8] -

Nada

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Tanda Nada Golar Catatan
Tham Transliteration IPA
᩵ ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩢ᩠ᨠ,[8] ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩰᩬᩡ[8] mai yak,

mai yo

/máj.jǎk/,

/máj.jɔ́ʔ/

᩶ ᨾᩱ᩶ᨡᩬᩴᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ,[8] ᨾᩱ᩶ᨪᩢ᩠ᨯ[26] mai kho jang,

mai sat

/máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/,

/máj.sát/

᩷ ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩳᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[27] mai ko nuea /máj.kɔ̌.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like vowel sign -ᩳ (mai ko).[26]
᩸ ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩬᨦᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[27] mai song nuea /máj.sɔ̌ːŋ.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like ᪂ (Hora digit 2).[26]
᩹ ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[27] mai sam nuea /máj.sǎːm.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like ᪃ (Hora digit 3).[26]
๋ - – - Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Chattawa" into Khuen language.
Interchangeable with mai song nuea.[26]
้ - – - Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Tho" into Khuen language.
Interchangeable with mai sam nuea.
Standar Thai Liba kasatarafan nada Thai
Chiang Mai Tone[28] Sataraf Nada Thai[28]
Golar Huruf Nada Golar Huruf Nada
Tingkat-nongah 33 atawa ˧˧ สามัญ saman Tingkat-nongah 33 atawa ˧˧
Ribah-niyak 21 atawa ˨˩ เอก ek Ribah-niyak 21 atawa ˨˩
Langgar-niyak 42 atawa ˦˨ โท tho Langgar-niyak 41 atawa ˦˩
Tingkat-langgar, glotalisasi 44ʔ atawa ˦˦ʔ โทพิเศษ[29] Khusus tho[29] – –
Langgar-nimbul 45 atawa ˦˥ ตรี kayu Langgar-nimbul 45 atawa ˦˥
Ribah-nimbul 24 atawa ˨˦ จัตวา chattawa Ribah-nimbul 24 atawa ˨˥
Konsonan kelas langgar kelas ribah bupasangan untuk konjugasi nada
IPA Kelas langgar Kelas ribah
[k] ᨠ ᨣ
[x] ᨡ, ᨢ ᨤ, ᨥ
[ŋ] ᩉ᩠ᨦ ᨦ
[t͡ɕ] ᨧ ᨩ
[s] ᨨ, ᩆ, ᩇ, ᩈ ᨪ, ᨫ
[ɲ] ᩉ᩠ᨿ ᨬ, ᨿ
[t] ᨭ, ᨲ ᨴ
[tʰ] ᨮ, ᨳ ᨰ, ᨵ
[n] ᩉ᩠ᨶ ᨱ, ᨶ
[p] ᨷ[30] ᨸ ᨻ
[pʰ] ᨹ ᨽ
[f] ᨺ ᨼ
[m] ᩉ᩠ᨾ ᨾ
[r] ᩉᩕ ᩁ
[l] ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ, ᩉᩕ ᩃ, ᩊ, ᩁ
[h] ᩉ, ᩉᩕ ᩌ, ᩁ
[w] ᩉ᩠ᩅ ᩅ
Konsonan
Uncuk
sound 		Vokal
Tijang 		Kelas
Konsonan 		Chiang Mai Tone
Tingkat-nongah Ribah-niyak Langgar-niyak Tingkat-langgar,
glotalisasi 		Langgar-nimbul Ribah-nimbul
Sataraf rik Nada Thai
สามัญ
(saman) 		เอก
(ek) 		โท
(tho) 		โทพิเศษ
(special tho)[31] 		ตรี
(tree) 		จัตวา
(chattawa)
nongah ribah niyak - langgar nimbul
m, n, ŋ, j, w

koda

(suku kata say mak ticunting)

(korcing)

Ribah
&
tijang 		Ribah ᨴᩣ
/taː˧˧/
"to smear" 		ᨴ᩵ᩣ
/taː˦˨/
"port" 		ᨴ᩶ᩣ
/taː˦˥/
"to challenge"
Langgar ᨲ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ
/taːŋ˨˩/
"to carry" 		ᨲ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶ
/taːn˦˦ʔ/
"to oppose" 		ᨲᩣ
/taː˨˦/
"eye"
Nongah ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ
/ʔuj˧˧/
"soft hair" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ
/ʔuj˨˩/
"to scatter" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿᩌᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ[32][33]
/ʔuj˦˨.huj˦˨/
"greenish" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[33]
/ʔuj˦˦ʔ/
"thigh" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[32][34]
/ʔuj˦˥/
"grand parents" 		ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ[32][35]
/ʔuj˨˦/
"breast"
ʔ, p̚, t̚, k̚

coda[36]

(suku kata ticunting)

(ngahadang)

tijang Ribah ᨴᩣ᩠ᨠ
/taːk̚˦˨/
"slug" 		ᨶᩰ᩠᩶ᨴ[32][37][38]

/noːt̚˦˥/

"Catatan"

Langgar ᨲᩣ᩠ᨠ
/taːk̚˨˩/
"to dry"
Nongah ᨯᩣ᩠ᨷ
/daːp̚˨˩/
"sword" 		ᩋᩪ᩶ᨯ[32][39]
/ʔuːt̚˦˨/
"to swell" 		ᩋ᩶ᩬᨷ[32][40]
/ʔɔːp̚˦˥/
"bottle neck"
ribah Ribah ᨴᩢ᩠ᨠ
/tak̚˦˥/
"to greet"
Langgar ᨲᩢ᩠ᨷ
/tap̚˨˦/
"liver"
Nongah ᩋᩩ᩶ᨠ[32][41]
/ʔuk̚˦˥/
"to ferment" 		ᨯᩢ᩠ᨷ
/dap̚˨˦/
"to distinguish (fire)"

Pabandingan

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Tai Tham Burma Tai Lü Anyar Khmer Thai Lao
Unicode Gaya Lanna
1. Wak Ka ᨠ က ᦂ ក ก ກ
ᨡ ခ ᦃ ខ ข ຂ
ᨢ  –  –  – ฃ  –
ᨣ ဂ ᦅ គ ค ຄ
ᨤ  – ᦆ  – ฅ  –
ᨥ ဃ  – ឃ ฆ

(modern: ຄ)

ᨦ င ᦇ ង ง ງ
2. Wak Ja ᨧ စ ᦈ ច จ ຈ
ᨨ ဆ  – ឆ ฉ

(modern: ສ)

ᨩ ဇ ᦋ ជ ช ຊ
ᨪ  – ᦌ  – ซ  –
ᨫ ဈ  – ឈ ฌ

(modern: ຊ)

ᨬ ည  – ញ ญ

(modern: ຍ)

3. Wak Rata ᨭ ဋ  – ដ ฏ

(modern: ຕ)

ᨮ ဌ  – ឋ ฐ

(modern: ຖ)

ᨯ ဍ ᦡ ឌ ฑ, ฎ, ด

(modern: ທ, ດ)

ᨰ ဎ  – ឍ ฒ

(modern: ທ)

ᨱ ဏ  – ណ ณ

(modern: ນ)

4. Wak Ta ᨲ တ ᦎ ត ต ຕ
ᨳ ထ ᦏ ថ ถ ຖ
ᨴ ဒ ᦑ ទ ท ທ
ᨵ ဓ ᦒ ធ ธ

(modern: ທ)

ᨶ န ᦓ ន น ນ
5. Wak Pa ᨷ ပ ᦢ ប บ ບ
ᨸ  – ᦔ  – ป ປ
ᨹ ဖ ᦕ ផ ผ ຜ
ᨺ  – ᦚ  – ฝ ຝ
ᨻ ဗ ᦗ ព พ ພ
ᨼ  – ᦝ  – ฟ ຟ
ᨽ ဘ ᦘ ភ ภ

(modern: ພ)

ᨾ မ ᦙ ម ม ມ
6. Awak ᨿ ယ ᦍ យ ย ຍ
ᩀ  – ᦊ  – อย ຢ
ᩁ ရ ᦣ រ ร ຣ

(modern: ລ)

ᩃ လ ᦟ ល ล ລ
ᩅ ဝ ᦞ វ ว ວ
ᩆ ၐ

(modern: သ)

 – ឝ

(modern: ស)

ศ

(modern: ສ)

ᩇ ၑ

(modern: သ)

 – ឞ

(modern: ស)

ษ

(modern: ສ)

ᩈ သ ᦉ ស ส ສ
ᩉ ဟ ᦠ ហ ห ຫ
ᩊ ဠ  – ឡ ฬ

(modern: ລ)

ᩋ အ ᦀ អ อ ອ
ᩌ  –  –  – ฮ ຮ
7. Khusus ᩂ ၒ  – ឫ ฤ  –
ᩄ ၔ  – ឭ ฦ  –

Angka

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Angka Angka (Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar) Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar Alfabet Tai Tham Transkripsi IPA
1 ᧚ ᦓᦹᧂᧈ ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ nɯŋ
2 ᧒ ᦉᦸᧂ ᩈᩬᨦ sɔ́ŋ
3 ᧓ ᦉᦱᧄ ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ sám
4 ᧔ ᦉᦲᧈ ᩈᩦ᩵ si᷄ː
5 ᧕ ᦠᦱᧉ ᩉᩢᩣ ha᷅ː
6 ᧖ ᦷᦠᧅ ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ hók
7 ᧗ ᦵᦈᧆ ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ t͡ɕét
8 ᧘ ᦶᦔᧆᧈ ᩯᨸ᩠ᨯ pɛ᷄t
9 ᧙ ᦂᧁᧉ ᩮᨠᩢᩢᩣ ka᷅w
10 ᧚᧐ ᦉᦲᧇ ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ síp
100 ᧚᧐᧐ ᦣᦾᧉ ᩁᩢᩭ hɔ̀i
10,000 ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐ ᦖᦹᧃᧈ ᩉ᩠ᨾᩨ᩵ᩁ mɯ᷄n
100,000 ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ ᦶᦉᧃ ᩯᩈ᩠ᨶ sɛ́n
1,000,000 ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ ᦟᦱᧃᧉ ᩃᩢᩣ᩠ᨶ làn

Pabandingan

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
Angka Arab 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Angka Hora ᪀ ᪁ ᪂ ᪃ ᪄ ᪅ ᪆ ᪇ ᪈ ᪉
Angka Tham ᪐ ᪑ ᪒ ᪓ ᪔ ᪕ ᪖ ᪗ ᪘ ᪙
Angka Thai ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙
Angka Lao ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙
Angka Burma ๐ ၁ ၂ ၃ ၄ ၅ ၆ ၇ ၈ ၉
Angka Khmer ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩

Rujukan

[dandani | dandani sumbor]
  1. ↑ Citakan:Ethnologue18
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 Added consonant invented for Tai sound, as an extension to the original chategorized Pali 'vagga' consonants. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subjoined form.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 In Tai Lue language
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages.
  5. ↑ When used to write Tai words.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 When used to write Pali-Sanskrit derived words.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 The Lanna Dictionary (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. pp. 305–314. ISBN 9789747793567.Kategori:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 Rungruangsri, Udom (2004). พจนานุกรมล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับแม่ฟ้าหลวง (in Thai) (Revised ed.). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University. ISBN 9789746851756.Kategori:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)
  9. ↑ Used only for Tai words, not for Pali.
  10. ↑ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.
  11. ↑ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.
  12. ↑ Khuen/Lue style.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 นาคสุข, ยุทธพร (4 August 2020). "อักษรธรรมล้านนาที่ประดิษฐ์ขึ้นเพิ่มเติมเพื่อใช้เขียนภาษาสันสกฤต" [The Inventive Dhamma Lanna Script for Writing in Sanskrit]. Humanities & Social Sciences. 37: 297–344.
  14. ↑ Short vowels are followed by a glottal stop /ʔ/ if they are followed by another consonant.
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Hypothetical spelling for demonstrating the consonant and vowel positions.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Symbol ◌ᩤ may be used instead for narrow consonants such as ᨣ ᨧ ᨵ ᨰ ᨴ ᨷ ᩅ to increase legibility.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Only used for Pali words.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Used in Khuen and Lue spelling conventions.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 According to the Unicode encoding order, subjoined ya ◌᩠ᨿ in the case of mai kia ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ is considered as a part of vowel cluster and classed as a medial ya which precedes vowels; therefore, the encoding order of mai kia is ᨠ + ᩠ᨿ + ᩮ. However, in the case of mai kai in Pali-Sanskrit form like ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ, the subjoined ya ◌᩠ᨿ is considered as a final consonant because it is derived from the Pali-Sanskrit phoneme kaya. Thus, the encoding order is ᨠ + ᩱ + ᩠ᨿ
  20. ↑ Only shows the diphthongs with special diacritic symbols.
  21. ↑ Used in Lanna spelling convention, called Mai Kao Ho Nueng (ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᩉᩬᩴ᩵ᩉ᩠ᨶᩧ᩶ᨦ)
  22. ↑ Called Mai Kao Ju Ji (ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᨧᩪ᩶ᨧᩦ᩶)
  23. ↑ Watcharasastr, Boonkid (2005). แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Thara Thong Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 9748547205.Kategori:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)
  24. ↑ Equivalent to Thai script ฤๅ.
  25. ↑ Equivalent to Thai script ฦๅ.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 Owen, R. Wyn (2017). "A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 10 (1): 140–164. hdl:10524/52403.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Buddhism Summer Curriculum Level 1 Book 2. Vol. 2. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Press. 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. pp. ต. ISBN 9789747793567.
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Name frequently given by grammar books.
  30. ↑ Pali derived words.
  31. ↑ Not exist in standard Thai, but often approximated as the special falling tone (โทพิเศษ) in many grammar books and the academic circle in Thailand.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 32,4 32,5 32,6 Secondary form for mid class consonants. This form is less frequently found, and not listed in some grammar book. However, there are dictionary records of words in this form, especially the word start with ᩋ /ʔ/.
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  34. ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 625. ISBN 9789747793567.
  35. ↑ Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  36. ↑ Some linguists consider this class as separated tones group.
  37. ↑ Mostly the borrow words from Thai and English.
  38. ↑ "รายงานสัมมนา แนวทางการเขียนศัพท์วิชาการด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา" [Seminar report: guidelines for writing technical terms using Lanna script.] (PDF). The Center for the Promotion of Arts and Culture, Chiang Mai University. 17 January 2004. p. 44. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  39. ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 628. ISBN 9789747793567.
  40. ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 612. ISBN 9789747793567.
  41. ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 624. ISBN 9789747793567.
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