Punjab

Punjab (/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ^ⓘ, /-ˈdʒæb/, /ˈpʌndʒɑːb/, /-dʒæb/), tisabdu munih Panjab (nagori "lima batangari";^[1] Punjabi: پنجاب (Shahmukhi); ਪੰਜਾਬ (Gurmukhi); Πενταποταμία, Pentapotamia, joda da dairah giyupulitik, kabudayaan, rik busajarah di Asiya Hulu, khususna di bagiyan liba anak banuwa India, say titogak jak wilayah Pakistan bagiyan darak rik India liba. Batas-batas dairah hasa mak jolas rik fokus guk catatan sajarah.

Baruyut Kata

Golar "Punjab" titogak jak ruwa kata jak lom Basa Parsiya (پنج, panj, 'lima' rik آب, āb, 'uway'), say lokok sarumpun rik kata dilom basa Sanskerta (पञ्‍च, pañca, 'lima' rik अप्, áp, 'uway').^[1]^[2] Kata pañj-āb joda da injam horti jak Indo-Arya pañca-áp rik hortina "Tanoh jak Lima Uway", say ngarujuk guk batangari Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, rik Beas.^[3] Kaunyinna joda da anak batangari jak Way Indus, way Sutlej say paling balak.^[4] Rujukan Tanoh jak Lima Uway tihalui dilom Mahabharata, say salah osay wilayah tigolari Panchanada (Sanskrit: पञ्चनद, romanized: pañca-nada, lit. 'lima way').^[5]^[6] Jolma Yunani Bahari ngarujuk guk wilayah Pentapotamía (Greek: Πενταποταμία), say hortina goh-goh da rik Punjab ho jona.^[7]^[8]^[9] Awalna, Punjab tikonal munih rik golar सप्त सिन्धु, Sapta Sindhu, 'Pitu Uway' dilom Rigweda rik Hapta Hendu dilom Avesta, say tihortiko jadi "Tanoh jak Pitu Uway"; ruwa batangari say barihna hasa joda da Indus rik Kabul say lokok tikuruk dilom wilayah Punjab Raya.^[10] Golar ganta sa pay tikonal di zaman Mughal.^[11]

Liyak munih

Rujukan

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 5 Maret 2016. Retrieved 18 Agustus 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; nama "EoS" didefinisikan berulang dengan isi berbeda
↑ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction"). ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0.
↑ "Punjab." p. 107 in Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.), vol. 20.
↑ Alternatively, Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej are counted among the five rivers of Punjab, with Beas considered as a tributary of Sutlej.
↑ Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61530-202-4. The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.
↑ Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.). Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings. Punjabi University. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7380-990-3. The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.
↑ Lassen, Christian. 1827. Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica Arquivado 18 November 2022 en Wayback Machine. [A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia]. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., Doab and Nilab. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for Panchála, which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."Citakan:Whose translation
↑ Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Calcultta Central Press Company. p. 1. The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."
↑ Khalid, Kanwal (2015). "Lahore of Pre Historic Era" (PDF). Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 52 (2): 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2019. The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period, the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.
↑ Grewal, J. S. (2004). "Historical Geography of the Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 11 (1). University of California, Santa Barbara: 1–18. ISSN 0971-5223. OCLC 436148809.
↑ Canfield, Robert L. (1991). Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). Citakan:ISBN.

[EoS-1] 1,0 ^1,1 H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 5 Maret 2016. Retrieved 18 Agustus 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; nama "EoS" didefinisikan berulang dengan isi berbeda

[2] Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction"). ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0.

[3] "Punjab." p. 107 in Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.), vol. 20.

[4] Alternatively, Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej are counted among the five rivers of Punjab, with Beas considered as a tributary of Sutlej.

[5] Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61530-202-4. The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.

[6] Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.). Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings. Punjabi University. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7380-990-3. The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.

[7] Lassen, Christian. 1827. Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica Arquivado 18 November 2022 en Wayback Machine. [A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia]. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., Doab and Nilab. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for Panchála, which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."Citakan:Whose translation

[8] Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Calcultta Central Press Company. p. 1. The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."

[Khalid-9] Khalid, Kanwal (2015). "Lahore of Pre Historic Era" (PDF). Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 52 (2): 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2019. The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period, the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.

[10] Grewal, J. S. (2004). "Historical Geography of the Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 11 (1). University of California, Santa Barbara: 1–18. ISSN 0971-5223. OCLC 436148809.

[11] Canfield, Robert L. (1991). Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). Citakan:ISBN.

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