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Bahasa Tai Lü

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Bahasa Tai Lü atawa Kam Tai Lue (ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ) rik Sibsongpanna Tai (ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷᩈᩬᨦᨻᩢ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ ᨴᩱᩭ) joda da salah osay basa say digunako Jolma Tai Lü di nagara Cina, Myanmar, Laos rik Thailand. Bahasa sija tikuruk dilom Rumpun Bahasa Kra-Dai.

Huruf

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]

Huruf Tai Lü Anyar

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]

[[Berkas:China Post logo with (New) Tai Lü script in Mohan, Yunnan.jpg|thumb|"China Post" dilom Tulisan China rik Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar]] Bahasa Tai Lü ganta sa makay tolu sistem penulisan say sumang. Bahasa Tai Lü di Cina makay Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar, sodongko Bahasa Tai Lü di Thailand titulis makay Alfabet Fakkham rik Alfabet Tai Tham.

Konsonan

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]

Pangkal

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Langgar ᦀ ᦂ ᦃ ᦄ ᦈ ᦉ ᦊ ᦎ ᦏ ᦐ ᦔ
Ribah ᦁ ᦅ ᦆ ᦇ ᦋ ᦌ ᦍ ᦑ ᦒ ᦓ ᦗ
IPA /ʔa/ /ka/ /xa/ /ŋa/ /t͡sa/ /sa/ /ja/ /ta/ /tʰa/ /na/ /pa/
Langgar ᦕ ᦖ ᦚ ᦛ ᦜ ᦡ ᦢ ᦠ ᦦ ᦧ ᦪ
Ribah ᦘ ᦙ ᦝ ᦞ ᦟ ᦤ ᦥ ᦣ ᦨ ᦩ ᦫ
IPA /pʰa/ /ma/ /fa/ /va/ /la/ /da/ /ba/ /ha/ /kʷa/ /xʷa/ /sʷa/

Uncuk

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Uncuk ᧅ ᧆ ᧇ ᧂ ᧃ ᧄ ᧁ makka uncuk rik ᦰ
IPA /k̚/ /t̚/ /p̚/ /ŋ/ /n/ /m/ /w/ /ʔ/

Vokal

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Vokal Buntak Vokal Tijang Diftong rik huruf i
Huruf IPA Huruf IPA Huruf IPA
makka /a/ ᦺ◌ /aj/
◌ᦰ /aʔ/ ◌ᦱ /aː/ ◌ᦻ /aːj/
◌ᦲᦰ /iʔ/ ◌ᦲ /i(ː)/
ᦵ◌ᦰ /eʔ/ ᦵ◌ /e(ː)/
ᦶ◌ᦰ /ɛʔ/ ᦶ◌ /ɛ(ː)/
◌ᦳ /u(ʔ)/ ◌ᦴ /uː/ ◌ᦼ /uj/
ᦷ◌ᦰ /oʔ/ ᦷ◌ /o(ː)/ ◌ᦽ /oj/
◌ᦸᦰ /ɔʔ/ ◌ᦸ /ɔ(ː)/ ◌ᦾ /ɔj/
◌ᦹᦰ /ɯʔ/ ◌ᦹ /ɯ(ː)/ ◌ᦿ /ɯj/
ᦵ◌ᦲᦰ /ɤʔ/ ᦵ◌ᦲ /ɤ(ː)/ ᦵ◌ᧀ /ɤj/

Nada

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Register langgar Register ribah
Tanda ᧈ ᧉ ᧈ ᧉ
Tijajakko rik huruf k ᦂ ᦂᧈ ᦂᧉ ᦅ ᦅᧈ ᦅᧉ
IPA /ka˥/ /ka˧˥/ /ka˩˧/ /ka˥˩/ /ka˧/ /ka˩/
Transkripsi ka¹ ka² ka³ ka⁴ ka⁵ ka⁶

Huruf Tai Tham

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]

Konsonan

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Huruf Bontuk
Subgabungan 		Golar Transliterasi IPA Kelas
Nada
Translit. IPA Pangkal Uncuk Pangkal Uncuk
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨠ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨠ ka [kǎ] k k [k] [k̚] langgar
ᨡ 21x21px ◌᩠ᨡ xa, kha [xǎ]

, [kʰǎ]

x, kh k [x]

, [kʰ]

[k̚] langgar
ᨢ[1] 33x33px — xa, kha [xǎ] x, kh — [x] [k̚] langgar
ᨣ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨣ ka [ka᷇] k k [k] [k̚] ribah
ᨤ[1] 25x25px — xa, kha [xa᷇] x, kh — [x] [k̚] ribah
ᨥ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨥ xa, kha [xa᷇]

, [kʰa᷇]

x, kh k [x]

, [kʰ]

[k̚] ribah
ᨦ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨦ nga [ŋa᷇] ng ng [ŋ] [ŋ] ribah
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨧ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨧ ja, ca [t͡ɕǎ] j, c t [t͡ɕ] [t̚] langgar
ᨨ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨨ sa, cha [sǎ]

, [t͡ɕʰǎ]

s, ch — [s]

, [t͡ɕʰ]

— langgar
ᨩ 21x21px ◌᩠ᨩ ja, ca [t͡ɕa᷇] j, c t [t͡ɕ] [t̚] ribah
ᨪ[1] 34x34px — sa [sa᷇] s t [s] [t̚] ribah
ᨫ 20x20px, 20x20px ◌᩠ᨫ sa, cha [sa᷇]

, [t͡ɕʰa᷄]

s, ch t [s]

, [t͡ɕʰa᷄]

[t̚] ribah
ᨬ 25x25px ◌᩠ᨬ nya [ɲa᷇] ny, y n [ɲ]

, [j] [2]

[n] ribah
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨭ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨭ rata [lǎ.tǎ] t t [t] [t̚] langgar
ᨮ 27x27px, 29x29px ◌᩠ᨮ , ◌ᩛ ratha [lǎ.tʰǎ] th t [tʰ] [t̚] langgar
ᨯ 22x22px ◌᩠ᨯ da [dǎ] d, th[3] t [d]

, [tʰ] [3]

[t̚] nongah
ᨰ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨰ ratha [lǎ.tʰa᷇] th t [tʰ] [t̚] ribah
ᨱ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨱ rana [lǎ.na᷇] n n [n] [n] ribah
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨲ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨲ ta [tǎ] t t [t] [t̚] langgar
ᨳ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨳ tha [tʰǎ] th t [tʰ] [t̚] langgar
ᨴ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨴ ta [ta᷇] t t [t] [t̚] ribah
ᨵ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨵ tha [tʰa᷇] th t [tʰ] [t̚] ribah
ᨶ 23x23px ◌᩠ᨶ na [na᷇] n n [n] [n] ribah
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨷ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨷ , ◌ᩝ ba [bǎ] b p [b]

[4]

[p̚] nongah
◌᩠ᨷ pa[5] [pǎ] p p [p]

[5][6][7]

[p̚] langgar[7][6]
ᨸ[1][8] 24x24px  – pa [pǎ] p p [p] [p̚] langgar
ᨹ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨹ pha [pʰǎ] ph  – [pʰ]  – langgar
ᨺ[1] 27x27px  – fa [fǎ] f  – [f]  – langgar
ᨻ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨻ , ◌ᩛ pa [pa᷇] p p [p] [p̚] ribah
ᨼ[1] 25x25px  – fa [fa᷇] f p [f] [p̚] ribah
ᨽ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨽ pha [pʰa᷇] ph p [pʰ] [p̚] ribah
ᨾ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨾ , ◌ᩜ ma [ma᷇] m m [m] [m] ribah
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨿ 20x20px ◌᩠ᨿ nya [ɲa᷇] ny, y  – [ɲ]

, [j] [2]

 – ribah
ᩀ[1] 25x25px  – ya [jǎ] y  – [j]  – nongah
ᩁ 20x20px ◌᩠ᩁ , ᩕ ra, la [la᷇] r,[9] l, h n [r]

,[3] [l] ,[3] [h]

[n] ribah
ᩃ 20x20px ◌᩠ᩃ , ◌ᩖ la [la᷇] l n [l] [n] ribah
ᩅ 20x20px ◌᩠ᩅ wa [wa᷇] w – [w] – ribah
ᩆ 20x20px ◌᩠ᩆ sa [sǎ] s t [s] [t̚] langgar
ᩇ 20x20px ◌᩠ᩇ sa [sǎ] s t [s] [t̚] langgar
ᩈ 20x20px ◌᩠ᩈ , ◌ᩞ sa [sǎ] s t [s] [t̚] langgar
ᩉ 20x20px ◌᩠ᩉ ha [hǎ] h  – [h]  – langgar
ᩊ 28x28px ◌᩠ᩊ la [la᷇] l n [l] [n] ribah
ᩋ 20x20px, 20x20px ◌ᩬ a [ʔǎ]  –  – [ʔ]  – nongah
ᩌ[1] 26x26px  – ha [ha᷇] h  – [h]  – ribah
Huruf Golar Transliterasi IPA Kelas

Nada

Translit. IPA Pangkal Uncuk Pangkal Uncuk
ᩉ᩠ᨦ nga [ŋǎ] ng  – [ŋ]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᨶ na [nǎ] n  – [n]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᨾ ma [mǎ] m  – [m]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᨿ nya [ɲǎ] ny  – [ɲ]

, [j] [2]

 – langgar
ᩉᩕ ra, la, ha [rǎ]

, [lǎ] , [hǎ]

r,[10] l, h  – [r]

,[3] [l] ,[3] [h]

 – langgar
ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ la [lǎ] l  – [l]  – langgar
ᩉ᩠ᩅ wa [wǎ] w  – [w]  – langgar

Huruf Khusus

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Huruf Golar Nilay Fonetik

(IPA)

Catatan
Tham Translit. IPA
ᩓ link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg|40x40px, link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg|40x40px[11] ᩃᩯᩡ, ᩃᩯ lae [lɛ̄ː] [lɛʔ], [lɛ̄ː] Ligature of letter ᩃ (la) and superscript vowel sign ᩮ (e).
ᨶᩣ link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_NAA.svg|40x40px ᨶᩣ naa [nāː] [nāː] Ligature of letter ᨶ (na) and vowel sign ᩣ (a).
ᨬ᩠ᨬ link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg|40x40px ᨬᨬ nya nya [ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ] [n.ɲ] Ligature of letter ᨱ (rana) and ᨬ (nya), used in lieu of double ᨬ.
ᩔ link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg|40x40px ᩈ ᩈᩬᨦᩉᩬ᩶ᨦ sa song hong [sǎː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ] [t̚.s], [s̚.s] Ligature of double ᩈ (high sa).
ᩕ link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_medial_RA.svg|40x40px ᩁᩁᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ rarong, rahong [la᷇.hōːŋ] [r], [l], [ʰ] Subjoined form of letter ᩁ (ra) for a consonant cluster such as ᨷᩕ (pra) ᨻᩕ (pra) as opposed to the subjoined form -᩠ᩁ used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter.

Vokal

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]

Vokal Posay

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Tai Tham IPA Transliterasi
ᩋ 40x40px /áʔ/ a
ᩋᩣ 40x40px /āː/ aa
ᩍ 40x40px /íʔ/ i
ᩎ 40x40px /īː/ ii
ᩏ 40x40px /úʔ/ u
ᩐ 40x40px /ūː/ uu
ᩑ 40x40px /ēː/ e
ᩒ 40x40px /ōː/ o
ᩂ 40x40px /li/, /lɯ̄ː/,

/lɯ᷇ʔ/, /lɤː/[12]

rue, ruue,

ri, roe[12]

ᩄ 40x40px lue, luue,

li, loe[12]

ᩐᩣ 40x40px /aw/ aw, au, ao

Vokal Bugantung

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Vokal Buntak[13]
(rik huruf konsonan ᨠ) 		Vokal Tijang
(rik huruf konsonan ᨠ)
IPA Mak bukonsonan
uncuk 		Bukonsonan
uncuk (ᨦ)[14] 		IPA Mak Bukonsonan
uncuk 		Bukonsonan
uncuk (ᨦ)[14]
Vokal Mudah
/a/ ᨠ, ᨠᩡ ᨠᩢ᩠ᨦ /aː/ ᨠᩣ[15] ᨠᩣ᩠ᨦ
/i/ ᨠᩥ ᨠᩥ᩠ᨦ /iː/ ᨠᩦ ᨠᩦ᩠ᨦ
/ɯ/ ᨠᩧ ᨠᩧ᩠ᨦ /ɯː/ ᨠᩨ ᨠᩨ᩠ᨦ
/u/ ᨠᩩ ᨠᩩᨦ, ᨠᩩᨦ᩼ /uː/ ᨠᩪ ᨠᩪᨦ, ᨠᩪᨦ᩼
/e/ ᨠᩮᩡ, ᨠᩮᩬᩡ ᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᨦᩡ /eː/ ᨠᩮ ᨠᩮ᩠ᨦ
/ɛ/ ᨠᩯᩡ, ᨠᩯᩬᩡ ᨠᩯᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩯᩬᨦᩡ /ɛː/ ᨠᩯ ᨠᩯ᩠ᨦ
/o/ ᨠᩰᩡ ᨠᩫ᩠ᨦ /oː/ ᨠᩰ, ᨠᩮᩣ[15][16] ᨠᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩰ᩠ᨦ
/ɔ/ ᨠᩰᩬᩡ ᨠᩬᩢᨦ, ᨠᩬᨦᩡ /ɔː/ ᨠᩬᩴ, ᨠᩳ[17] ᨠᩬᨦ, ᨠᩬᨦ᩼
/ɤ/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩡ ᨠᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦᩡ /ɤː/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥ ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ
Diftong
/iaʔ/ ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ ᨠ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦᩡ /ia/ ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ[18] ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦ
/ɯaʔ/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋᩡ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩢᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦᩡ /ɯa/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋ ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦ
ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋᩡ ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩢᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦᩡ ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋ ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦ
/uaʔ/ ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ ᨠ᩠ᩅᩢᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦᩡ /ua/ ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫ ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ᩼
Diftong Fonetis[19]
/aw/ ᨠᩮᩢᩣ,[15] ᨠᩳ,[20] ᨠᩪᩦ[21] –
/aj/ ᨠᩱ, ᨠᩲ, ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ[18], ᨠᩱᨿ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ,[22] ᨠᩢ᩠ᨿ[7] -
/ɔːj/ ᨠᩭ,[17] ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿ -
Vokal Ekstra
/aŋ/ ᨠᩴ,[16] ᨠᩘ[16] —
/am/ ᨠᩣᩴ[15] —
/lɯ/ ᩂ – /lɯː/ ᩂ,[23] ᩄ[24][7] -

Nada

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Tanda Nada Golar Catatan
Tham Transliteration IPA
᩵ frameless|30x30px ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩢ᩠ᨠ,[7] ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩰᩬᩡ[7] mai yak,

mai yo

/máj.jǎk/,

/máj.jɔ́ʔ/

᩶ frameless|40x40px ᨾᩱ᩶ᨡᩬᩴᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ,[7] ᨾᩱ᩶ᨪᩢ᩠ᨯ[25] mai kho jang,

mai sat

/máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/,

/máj.sát/

᩷ x40px ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩳᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[26] mai ko nuea /máj.kɔ̌.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like vowel sign -ᩳ (mai ko).[25]
᩸ x40px ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩬᨦᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[26] mai song nuea /máj.sɔ̌ːŋ.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like ᪂ (Hora digit 2).[25]
᩹ x40px ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[26] mai sam nuea /máj.sǎːm.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like ᪃ (Hora digit 3).[25]
๋ x40px - – - Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Chattawa" into Khuen language.
Interchangeable with mai song nuea.[25]
้ x40px - – - Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Tho" into Khuen language.
Interchangeable with mai sam nuea.
Standar Thai Liba kasatarafan nada Thai
Chiang Mai Tone[27] Sataraf Nada Thai[27]
Golar Huruf Nada Golar Huruf Nada
Tingkat-nongah 33 atawa ˧˧ สามัญ saman Tingkat-nongah 33 atawa ˧˧
Ribah-niyak 21 atawa ˨˩ เอก ek Ribah-niyak 21 atawa ˨˩
Langgar-niyak 42 atawa ˦˨ โท tho Langgar-niyak 41 atawa ˦˩
Tingkat-langgar, glotalisasi 44ʔ atawa ˦˦ʔ โทพิเศษ[28] Khusus tho[28] – –
Langgar-nimbul 45 atawa ˦˥ ตรี kayu Langgar-nimbul 45 atawa ˦˥
Ribah-nimbul 24 atawa ˨˦ จัตวา chattawa Ribah-nimbul 24 atawa ˨˥
Konsonan kelas langgar kelas ribah bupasangan untuk konjugasi nada
IPA Kelas langgar Kelas ribah
[k] ᨠ ᨣ
[x] ᨡ, ᨢ ᨤ, ᨥ
[ŋ] ᩉ᩠ᨦ ᨦ
[t͡ɕ] ᨧ ᨩ
[s] ᨨ, ᩆ, ᩇ, ᩈ ᨪ, ᨫ
[ɲ] ᩉ᩠ᨿ ᨬ, ᨿ
[t] ᨭ, ᨲ ᨴ
[tʰ] ᨮ, ᨳ ᨰ, ᨵ
[n] ᩉ᩠ᨶ ᨱ, ᨶ
[p] ᨷ[29] ᨸ ᨻ
[pʰ] ᨹ ᨽ
[f] ᨺ ᨼ
[m] ᩉ᩠ᨾ ᨾ
[r] ᩉᩕ ᩁ
[l] ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ, ᩉᩕ ᩃ, ᩊ, ᩁ
[h] ᩉ, ᩉᩕ ᩌ, ᩁ
[w] ᩉ᩠ᩅ ᩅ
Konsonan
Uncuk
sound 		Vokal
Tijang 		Kelas
Konsonan 		Chiang Mai Tone
Tingkat-nongah Ribah-niyak Langgar-niyak Tingkat-langgar,
glotalisasi 		Langgar-nimbul Ribah-nimbul
Sataraf rik Nada Thai
สามัญ
(saman) 		เอก
(ek) 		โท
(tho) 		โทพิเศษ
(special tho)[30] 		ตรี
(tree) 		จัตวา
(chattawa)
nongah ribah niyak - langgar nimbul
m, n, ŋ, j, w

koda

(suku kata say mak ticunting)

(korcing)

Ribah
&
tijang 		Ribah ᨴᩣ
/taː˧˧/
"to smear" 		ᨴ᩵ᩣ
/taː˦˨/
"port" 		ᨴ᩶ᩣ
/taː˦˥/
"to challenge"
Langgar ᨲ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ
/taːŋ˨˩/
"to carry" 		ᨲ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶ
/taːn˦˦ʔ/
"to oppose" 		ᨲᩣ
/taː˨˦/
"eye"
Nongah ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ
/ʔuj˧˧/
"soft hair" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ
/ʔuj˨˩/
"to scatter" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿᩌᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ[31][32]
/ʔuj˦˨.huj˦˨/
"greenish" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[32]
/ʔuj˦˦ʔ/
"thigh" 		ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[31][33]
/ʔuj˦˥/
"grand parents" 		ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ[31][34]
/ʔuj˨˦/
"breast"
ʔ, p̚, t̚, k̚

coda[35]

(suku kata ticunting)

(ngahadang)

tijang Ribah ᨴᩣ᩠ᨠ
/taːk̚˦˨/
"slug" 		ᨶᩰ᩠᩶ᨴ[31][36][37]

/noːt̚˦˥/

"Catatan"

Langgar ᨲᩣ᩠ᨠ
/taːk̚˨˩/
"to dry"
Nongah ᨯᩣ᩠ᨷ
/daːp̚˨˩/
"sword" 		ᩋᩪ᩶ᨯ[31][38]
/ʔuːt̚˦˨/
"to swell" 		ᩋ᩶ᩬᨷ[31][39]
/ʔɔːp̚˦˥/
"bottle neck"
ribah Ribah ᨴᩢ᩠ᨠ
/tak̚˦˥/
"to greet"
Langgar ᨲᩢ᩠ᨷ
/tap̚˨˦/
"liver"
Nongah ᩋᩩ᩶ᨠ[31][40]
/ʔuk̚˦˥/
"to ferment" 		ᨯᩢ᩠ᨷ
/dap̚˨˦/
"to distinguish (fire)"

Pabandingan

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Tai Tham Burma Tai Lü Anyar Khmer Thai Lao
Unicode Gaya Lanna
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨠ 20x20px က ᦂ ក ก ກ
ᨡ 21x21px ခ ᦃ ខ ข ຂ
ᨢ 33x33px  –  –  – ฃ  –
ᨣ 20x20px ဂ ᦅ គ ค ຄ
ᨤ 25x25px  – ᦆ  – ฅ  –
ᨥ 20x20px ဃ  – ឃ ฆ 10x10px

(modern: ຄ)

ᨦ 20x20px င ᦇ ង ง ງ
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨧ 20x20px စ ᦈ ច จ ຈ
ᨨ 20x20px ဆ  – ឆ ฉ 10x10px

(modern: ສ)

ᨩ 21x21px ဇ ᦋ ជ ช ຊ
ᨪ 34x34px  – ᦌ  – ซ  –
ᨫ 20x20px ဈ  – ឈ ฌ 14x14px

(modern: ຊ)

ᨬ 25x25px ည  – ញ ญ 10x10px

(modern: ຍ)

  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨭ 20x20px ဋ  – ដ ฏ 10x10px

(modern: ຕ)

ᨮ 27x27px ဌ  – ឋ ฐ 12x12px

(modern: ຖ)

ᨯ 22x22px ဍ ᦡ ឌ ฑ, ฎ, ด 10x10px

(modern: ທ, ດ)

ᨰ 20x20px ဎ  – ឍ ฒ 10x10px

(modern: ທ)

ᨱ 20x20px ဏ  – ណ ณ 10x10px

(modern: ນ)

  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨲ 20x20px တ ᦎ ត ต ຕ
ᨳ 20x20px ထ ᦏ ថ ถ ຖ
ᨴ 20x20px ဒ ᦑ ទ ท ທ
ᨵ 20x20px ဓ ᦒ ធ ธ 12x12px

(modern: ທ)

ᨶ 23x23px န ᦓ ន น ນ
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨷ 20x20px ပ ᦢ ប บ ບ
ᨸ 24x24px  – ᦔ  – ป ປ
ᨹ 20x20px ဖ ᦕ ផ ผ ຜ
ᨺ 27x27px  – ᦚ  – ฝ ຝ
ᨻ 20x20px ဗ ᦗ ព พ ພ
ᨼ 25x25px  – ᦝ  – ฟ ຟ
ᨽ 20x20px ဘ ᦘ ភ ภ 10x10px

(modern: ພ)

ᨾ 20x20px မ ᦙ ម ม ມ
  1. REDIRECT Templat:Templat:MongolUnicode
 ᨿ 20x20px ယ ᦍ យ ย ຍ
ᩀ 25x25px  – ᦊ  – อย ຢ
ᩁ 20x20px ရ ᦣ រ ร ຣ

(modern: ລ)

ᩃ 20x20px လ ᦟ ល ล ລ
ᩅ 20x20px ဝ ᦞ វ ว ວ
ᩆ 20x20px ၐ

(modern: သ)

 – ឝ

(modern: ស)

ศ 11x11px

(modern: ສ)

ᩇ 20x20px ၑ

(modern: သ)

 – ឞ

(modern: ស)

ษ 11x11px

(modern: ສ)

ᩈ 20x20px သ ᦉ ស ส ສ
ᩉ 20x20px ဟ ᦠ ហ ห ຫ
ᩊ 28x28px ဠ  – ឡ ฬ 11x11px

(modern: ລ)

ᩋ 20x20px အ ᦀ អ อ ອ
ᩌ 26x26px  –  –  – ฮ ຮ
7. Khusus ᩂ 28x28px ၒ  – ឫ ฤ  –
ᩄ 28x28px ၔ  – ឭ ฦ  –

Angka

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Angka Angka (Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar) Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar Alfabet Tai Tham Transkripsi IPA
1 ᧚ ᦓᦹᧂᧈ ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ nɯŋ
2 ᧒ ᦉᦸᧂ ᩈᩬᨦ sɔ́ŋ
3 ᧓ ᦉᦱᧄ ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ sám
4 ᧔ ᦉᦲᧈ ᩈᩦ᩵ si᷄ː
5 ᧕ ᦠᦱᧉ ᩉᩢᩣ ha᷅ː
6 ᧖ ᦷᦠᧅ ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ hók
7 ᧗ ᦵᦈᧆ ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ t͡ɕét
8 ᧘ ᦶᦔᧆᧈ ᩯᨸ᩠ᨯ pɛ᷄t
9 ᧙ ᦂᧁᧉ ᩮᨠᩢᩢᩣ ka᷅w
10 ᧚᧐ ᦉᦲᧇ ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ síp
100 ᧚᧐᧐ ᦣᦾᧉ ᩁᩢᩭ hɔ̀i
10,000 ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐ ᦖᦹᧃᧈ ᩉ᩠ᨾᩨ᩵ᩁ mɯ᷄n
100,000 ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ ᦶᦉᧃ ᩯᩈ᩠ᨶ sɛ́n
1,000,000 ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ ᦟᦱᧃᧉ ᩃᩢᩣ᩠ᨶ làn

Pabandingan

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
Angka Arab 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Angka Hora ᪀ ᪁ ᪂ ᪃ ᪄ ᪅ ᪆ ᪇ ᪈ ᪉
Angka Tham ᪐ ᪑ ᪒ ᪓ ᪔ ᪕ ᪖ ᪗ ᪘ ᪙
Angka Thai ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙
Angka Lao ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙
Angka Burma ๐ ၁ ၂ ၃ ၄ ၅ ၆ ၇ ၈ ၉
Angka Khmer ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩

Rujukan

[dandani | Sunting sumbor]
  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Added consonant invented for Tai sound, as an extension to the original chategorized Pali 'vagga' consonants. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subjoined form.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 In Tai Lue language
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages.
  4. ↑ When used to write Tai words.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 When used to write Pali-Sanskrit derived words.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Citakan:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 Citakan:Cite book
  8. ↑ Used only for Tai words, not for Pali.
  9. ↑ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.
  10. ↑ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.
  11. ↑ Khuen/Lue style.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 นาคสุข, ยุทธพร (4 August 2020). "อักษรธรรมล้านนาที่ประดิษฐ์ขึ้นเพิ่มเติมเพื่อใช้เขียนภาษาสันสกฤต" [The Inventive Dhamma Lanna Script for Writing in Sanskrit]. Humanities & Social Sciences. 37: 297–344.
  13. ↑ Short vowels are followed by a glottal stop /ʔ/ if they are followed by another consonant.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Hypothetical spelling for demonstrating the consonant and vowel positions.
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Symbol ◌ᩤ may be used instead for narrow consonants such as ᨣ ᨧ ᨵ ᨰ ᨴ ᨷ ᩅ to increase legibility.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Only used for Pali words.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Used in Khuen and Lue spelling conventions.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 According to the Unicode encoding order, subjoined ya ◌᩠ᨿ in the case of mai kia ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ is considered as a part of vowel cluster and classed as a medial ya which precedes vowels; therefore, the encoding order of mai kia is ᨠ + ᩠ᨿ + ᩮ. However, in the case of mai kai in Pali-Sanskrit form like ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ, the subjoined ya ◌᩠ᨿ is considered as a final consonant because it is derived from the Pali-Sanskrit phoneme kaya. Thus, the encoding order is ᨠ + ᩱ + ᩠ᨿ
  19. ↑ Only shows the diphthongs with special diacritic symbols.
  20. ↑ Used in Lanna spelling convention, called Mai Kao Ho Nueng (ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᩉᩬᩴ᩵ᩉ᩠ᨶᩧ᩶ᨦ)
  21. ↑ Called Mai Kao Ju Ji (ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᨧᩪ᩶ᨧᩦ᩶)
  22. ↑ Citakan:Cite book
  23. ↑ Equivalent to Thai script ฤๅ.
  24. ↑ Equivalent to Thai script ฦๅ.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 25,4 Owen, R. Wyn (2017). "A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 10 (1): 140–164. hdl:10524/52403.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 Citakan:Cite book
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Citakan:Cite book
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Name frequently given by grammar books.
  29. ↑ Pali derived words.
  30. ↑ Not exist in standard Thai, but often approximated as the special falling tone (โทพิเศษ) in many grammar books and the academic circle in Thailand.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 31,3 31,4 31,5 31,6 Secondary form for mid class consonants. This form is less frequently found, and not listed in some grammar book. However, there are dictionary records of words in this form, especially the word start with ᩋ /ʔ/.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  33. ↑ Citakan:Cite book
  34. ↑ Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  35. ↑ Some linguists consider this class as separated tones group.
  36. ↑ Mostly the borrow words from Thai and English.
  37. ↑ "รายงานสัมมนา แนวทางการเขียนศัพท์วิชาการด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา" [Seminar report: guidelines for writing technical terms using Lanna script.] (PDF). The Center for the Promotion of Arts and Culture, Chiang Mai University. 17 January 2004. p. 44. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  38. ↑ Citakan:Cite book
  39. ↑ Citakan:Cite book
  40. ↑ Citakan:Cite book
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